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Material Essential Knowledge

Ductility and Malleability

Ductility (ductility and malleability) is a mechanical property of matter, indicating the material's ability to plastically deform before it undergoes rupture due to stress.

Thermal conductivity

Also called thermal conductivity, it reflects the heat conduction ability of a substance.

Resistivity

Resistivity is a physical quantity used to express the resistance characteristics of various materials. The resistance of a conductor made of a certain material with a length of 1 meter and a cross-sectional area of 1 square meter is numerically equal to the resistivity of the material. It reflects the properties of substances that hinder current flow. It is not only related to the type of substance, but also affected by external factors such as temperature, pressure, and magnetic field.

Conductivity

The ability of an object to conduct electric current is called conductivity. The conductivities of various metals vary, with silver generally having the best conductivity, followed by copper and gold. The ability of an object to conduct electricity: Generally speaking, metals, semiconductors, electrolyte solutions or molten electrolytes and some non-metals can conduct electricity. The ability of a non-electrolyte object to conduct electricity is determined by the number of free electrons in the outer layer of its atoms and its crystal structure. For example, metals contain a large number of free electrons, which are easy to conduct electricity. However, most non-metals have very few free electrons, so they are not easy to conduct electricity. . Graphite conducts electricity, but diamond does not. This is due to their different crystal structures. Electrolytes conduct electricity because ionic compounds produce anions and cations when dissolved or melted, thereby becoming conductive.

Semiconductor Material

Semiconductor material is a type of electronic material with semiconductor properties and electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators that can be used to make semiconductor devices and integrated circuits.

Conductor

A conductor is a substance that has a very small resistivity and easily conducts electric current. There are a large number of freely moving charged particles called carriers in a conductor. Under the action of an external electric field, carriers move in a directional manner, forming an obvious current. Metals are the most common type of conductor. The valence electrons in the outermost layer of metal atoms can easily break away from the atomic nucleus and become free electrons, leaving behind positive ions (atoms) forming a regular lattice. The concentration of free electrons in metals is very large, so the electrical conductivity of metallic conductors is usually greater than that of other conductive materials. The resistivity of metallic conductors generally decreases as temperature decreases. At extremely low temperatures, the resistivity of certain metals and alloys disappears and they become superconductors.

Ferrous Metals

Iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn)/metals are substances that have luster, good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties, and have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. Metals are a big family. There are 86 kinds of metals in the world. Usually people divide metals into two categories: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals based on their characteristics such as color and properties. Ferrous metals mainly refer to iron and its alloys, such as steel, pig iron, ferroalloys, cast iron, etc. Metals other than ferrous metals are called non-ferrous metals.

Light non-ferrous Metal

Non-ferrous metals with a density less than 4.5g/cm3, including aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and other pure metals and their alloy.

Heavy non-ferrous Metals

Nonferrous metals with a density greater than 4.5g/cm3, including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), tin (Sn), cadmium (Cd), and bismuth (Bi) , antimony (Sb), mercury (Hg) and other pure metals and their alloys.

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